Chapter 3: Attack by Stratagem
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
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[
谋攻篇
](#mougong)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
谋攻篇
](#mougong)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·谋攻篇》 孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，为不得已。修橹轒輼，具器械，三月而后成，距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。
故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿，而利可全，此谋攻之法也。
故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
夫将者，国之辅也,辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。
故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军。不知三军之事而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣。不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。
故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜；识众寡之用者胜；上下同欲者胜；以虞待不虞者胜；将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。
故曰：知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼,不知己，每战必殆。
白话译文： 孙子说：大凡用兵的原则，使敌人举国屈服，不战而降是上策，击破敌国就次一等；使敌全军降服是上策，打败敌人的军队就次一等；使敌人一个“旅”的队伍降服是上策，击破敌人一个“旅”就次一等；使敌人全“卒”降服是上策，打败敌人一个“卒”的“队伍就次一等；使敌人全“伍”投降是上策，击破敌人的“伍”就次一等。因此，百战百胜，不算是最好的用兵策略，只有在攻城之前，先让敌人的军事能力（包括指挥能力和作战能力）严重短缺，根本无力抵抗，才算是高明中最高明的。
所以上等的用兵策略是以谋取胜，其次是以外交手段挫敌，再次是出动军队攻敌取胜，最下策才是攻城。攻城为万不得已时才使用。制造攻城的蔽橹、轒辒，准备各种攻城器械，需要花费三个月的时间。构筑攻城的土山又要三个月。将帅控制不住忿怒的情绪，驱使士卒像蚂蚁一样去爬梯攻城，使士卒伤亡三分之一而不能攻克，这便是攻城所带来的危害。
因此，善于用兵的人，使敌人屈服而不是靠战争，攻取敌人的城池而不是靠硬攻，消灭敌国而不是靠久战，用完善的计策争胜于天下，兵力不至于折损，却可以获得全胜，这就是以谋攻敌的方法。
用兵的原则是：有十倍的兵力就包围敌人，五倍的兵力就进攻敌人，两倍的兵力就分割消灭敌人，有与敌相当的兵力则可以抗击，兵力少于敌人就要避免与其正面接触，兵力弱少就要撤退远地。所以弱小的军队顽固硬拼，就会变成强大敌军的俘虏。
将帅，是国家的辅佐，辅佐周密国家就会强大；辅佐疏漏，未尽其职，国家必然衰弱。 国君对军队造成的危害有三种情况：不知道军队在什么条件下可战而使其出击，不了解军队在什么情况下可退而使其撤退，这就束缚了军队的手脚。不通详三军内务，而插手三军的政事，就会使部队将士不知所从。不了解军中的权变之谋而参与军队的指挥，就会使将士们疑虑重重。军队既迷惑又疑虑，诸侯国军队乘机而进攻，灾难就降临到头上，这就是自乱其军而丧失了胜利。
预知取胜的因素有五点：懂得什么条件可战或不可战，能取胜；懂得兵多兵少不同用法的，能取胜；全军上下一心的，能取胜；以有备之师待无备之师的，能取胜；将帅有才干而君主不从中干预的，能取胜。这五条，是预知胜利的道理。
所以说：了解对方也了解自己的，百战不败；不了解敌方而熟悉自己的，胜负各半；既不了解敌方，又不了解自己，每战必然失败。
英语译文： #### Chapter 3: Attack By Stratagem Sun Tzu said:
In general, the principle of warfare is to subdue the enemy’s entire state intact; to destroy it is a lesser achievement. To make the enemy’s whole army surrender is best; to defeat it in battle is second best. To make a “brigade” surrender is best; to destroy it is second best. To make a “battalion” surrender is best; to defeat it is second best. To make a “squad” surrender is best; to destroy it is second best. Therefore, to win one hundred battles is not the highest excellence. The highest excellence is to break the enemy’s resistance without fighting.
Thus, the supreme strategy is to win by means of planning; next is to win through diplomacy; next is to defeat the enemy by force; and the worst policy is to attack cities. Attacking cities should only be done when there is no alternative. The preparation of siege shields and assault vehicles, and the assembling of siege equipment, will take three months; building earthen ramparts will take another three months. If a commander cannot control his anger and sends his troops to scale the walls like swarming ants, one-third of them will be lost without taking the city. This is the calamity of attacking fortified places.
Therefore, those skilled in warfare subdue the enemy without fighting, capture cities without assaulting them, and overthrow states without prolonged operations. They strive for victory with strategy under heaven, so that their forces remain intact and complete victory is achieved. This is the method of attacking with strategy.
The principles of warfare are as follows: when you have ten times the enemy’s strength, surround them; when you have five times their strength, attack them; when you have twice their strength, divide and defeat them; when forces are equal, you can engage them; when you are fewer, avoid them; when you are much weaker, retreat. A small force that stubbornly fights a stronger one will become its captive.
The general is the support of the state. If this support is thorough, the state will be strong; if it is flawed, the state will be weak. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring disaster upon his army: by ordering it to advance without knowing whether it can fight, or to retreat without knowing whether it should withdraw—this shackles the army; by interfering in military administration without understanding it—this causes confusion among officers and soldiers; and by directing operations without understanding military strategy—this creates doubt in the ranks. When the army is confused and uncertain, neighboring states will take advantage, and disaster will follow. This is how one brings chaos upon one’s own army and forfeits victory.
There are five factors for foreseeing victory: those who know when to fight and when not to fight will be victorious; those who understand how to use both large and small forces will be victorious; those whose ranks are united in purpose will be victorious; those who are prepared and face an unprepared enemy will be victorious; and those whose commanders are capable and not interfered with by the ruler will be victorious. These five are the principles for knowing victory.
Therefore it is said: if you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles; if you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat; if you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
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