Chapter 2: Waging War
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
作战篇
](#zuozhan)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
作战篇
](#zuozhan)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·作战篇》 孙子曰：
凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。
其用战也胜，久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈、财殚，中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；(艹忌)杆一石，当吾二十石。故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。
故兵贵胜，不贵久。
故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。
白话译文： 孙子说：一般的用兵规模，需要驰车一千辆，革车一千辆，披带铠甲的战士十万人，千里迢迢运送粮食。这样国内外的各种费用开支，包括招待宾客、采办胶与漆等材料、供应车马兵甲，每天要花费千金之巨，然后这支十万大军才能开拔。
如果作战是靠持久而取胜，那么就会消耗兵力，挫伤锐气，攻城就会感到力量不足。如果长期把军队暴露在国外，那么国家财政就会感到拮据。而消耗兵力，挫伤锐气，人力、财源耗尽，那么诸侯各国就会乘此危机举兵来袭，即使足智多谋的人，也不能收拾残局。所以军事上只听说过简单的速决，没有见过巧妙的持久。用兵持久而对国家有利，是从来没有的。
所以不完全懂得用兵的害处，就不能完全懂得用兵的利处。
善于用兵的人，丘役不多次征发，粮食也不多次输送，先从国内征粮，再从敌方得到补充，所以军需用粮可以满足。国家由于军队而造成贫困，主要在于长途运输，长途运输百姓就会贫困；靠近军队驻地往往物价腾贵，物价腾贵百姓就会财源枯竭；百姓财源断绝，就会给丘役的征发造成压力。人力耗尽于原野之上，家家内部空虚，百姓的花费，十分丧失掉六分；公家的花费，包括车、马的损耗，以及铠甲、头盔、弓矢、矛戟和盾牌，还有丘牛和丘牛所驾的辐重车，十分丧失掉七分。所以聪明的将领务求取食于敌，吃敌人一钟，等于自己的二十钟；豆稭、禾秆一石，等于自己的二十石。所以杀敌是靠激发士兵对敌人的仇恨，夺取敌人是靠用财货奖赏士兵。车战中若缴获战车十辆以上，要奖赏最先获得者并更换车上的旗帜，将缴获的战车混杂使用，俘虏的士兵善加供养，这就叫战胜敌人而自己也更强大。
所以军事上只重取胜，而不重持久。
所以真正懂得军事的将领是人民生死和国家安危的主宰。
英语译文： #### Chapter 2: Waging War Sun Tzu said:
In general, the operations of war require a thousand fast chariots, a thousand heavy chariots, one hundred thousand armored troops, and provisions transported over a thousand li. The expenses at home and at the front, including entertaining envoys, procuring materials such as glue and lacquer, and supplying chariots, horses, and equipment, will amount to a thousand pieces of gold each day. Only then can an army of one hundred thousand be mobilized.
If victory is sought through prolonged warfare, the troops will become exhausted and their morale will be weakened. If cities are besieged, the army will lack sufficient strength. If the army remains abroad for a long time, the state’s finances will be strained. When troops are worn down, morale blunted, manpower and resources depleted, other states will seize the opportunity to attack. Even the wisest strategist will be unable to remedy the situation. Therefore, in warfare, one hears of swift victories, but not of skillful prolongation. There has never been a case where prolonged warfare has benefited a nation.
Thus, one who does not fully understand the disadvantages of warfare cannot fully understand its advantages.
A skilled commander does not levy troops repeatedly, nor transport provisions multiple times. He draws supplies from the home country initially, and thereafter replenishes from the enemy, ensuring sufficient military provisions.
The poverty of a state caused by military operations arises chiefly from long-distance transport. When supplies must be carried far, the people become impoverished. Near the army’s encampment, prices rise, and when prices rise, the people’s wealth is depleted. When the people’s resources are exhausted, it becomes difficult to sustain conscription. Labor is consumed in the fields, households are left empty, and the people lose six-tenths of their wealth. The state’s expenditures—on broken chariots, worn horses, armor, helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, as well as oxen and supply wagons—consume seven-tenths of its resources.
Therefore, a wise general seeks to feed his army from the enemy. One measure of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own; likewise, one measure of the enemy’s fodder equals twenty of one’s own. To kill the enemy, one must arouse the soldiers’ hatred; to seize the enemy’s goods, one must reward the troops. In chariot warfare, when ten or more enemy chariots are captured, reward the first captor, replace their flags, mix them into your own forces, and treat captured soldiers well. This is called defeating the enemy while strengthening oneself.
Thus, in warfare, what is valued is victory, not prolonged campaigns.
Therefore, the general who truly understands war is the master of the people’s fate and the guardian of the state’s security.
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