Sun Tzu
EN
04

第4篇：军形篇

Tactical Dispositions

核心要义

先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上。先胜后战。

The good fighter first secures against defeat, then waits for an opportunity to defeat the enemy. Defense is for times of insufficiency; offense for times of surplus. Win first, then fight.

目录

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 第4篇：军形篇

孙子兵法

Sun Tzu’s THE ART OF WAR [ 首页 ](/) [ 军形篇 ](#junxing)

目录 1 [

始计篇 ](/chapter-1-laying-plans/) 2 [ 作战篇 ](/chapter-2-waging-war/) 3 [ 谋攻篇 ](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/) 4 [ 军形篇 ](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/) 5 [ 兵势篇 ](/chapter-5-energy/) 6 [ 虚实篇 ](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/) 7 [ 军争篇 ](/chapter-7-maneuvering/) 8 [ 九变篇 ](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/) 9 [ 行军篇 ](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/) 10 [ 地形篇 ](/chapter-10-terrain/) 11 [ 九地篇 ](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/) 12 [ 火攻篇 ](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/) 13 [ 用间篇 ](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)

孙子兵法

Sun Tzu’s THE ART OF WAR [ 首页 ](/) [ 军形篇 ](#junxing)

目录 1 [

始计篇 ](/chapter-1-laying-plans/) 2 [ 作战篇 ](/chapter-2-waging-war/) 3 [ 谋攻篇 ](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/) 4 [ 军形篇 ](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/) 5 [ 兵势篇 ](/chapter-5-energy/) 6 [ 虚实篇 ](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/) 7 [ 军争篇 ](/chapter-7-maneuvering/) 8 [ 九变篇 ](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/) 9 [ 行军篇 ](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/) 10 [ 地形篇 ](/chapter-10-terrain/) 11 [ 九地篇 ](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/) 12 [ 火攻篇 ](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/) 13 [ 用间篇 ](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/) 《孙子兵法·军形篇》 孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余。善守者，藏于九地之下，善攻者，动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。 见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，故其战胜不忒，不忒者，其所措必胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。 兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。

白话译文： 孙子说：从前善于打仗的人，总是先创造条件使自己立于不败之地，然后捕捉战机攻胜敌人。做到不可战胜，就会掌握战争的主动权；敌人出现空隙，就乘机击破它。因而，善于作战的人，能够创造不被敌人战胜的条件，不一定使敌人被我战胜。所以说：胜利可以预测，但不可强求。若要不被敌人战胜，必须先要作好防守工作；能战胜敌人，就要进攻。采取防守，是因为条件不充分；进攻敌人，是因为时机成熟。所以善于防御的人，隐蔽自己的军队如同深藏在地下；善于进攻的人，如同神兵自九天而降，攻敌措手不及。这样，既保全了自己，又能获得全面的胜利。

预见胜利不超过一般人的见识，不算高明中最高明的。打败敌人而普天下都说好，也不算是高明中最高明的。这就好像举起秋毫不算力大，看见太阳、月亮不算眼明，听见雷霆不算耳聪一样。古代善于作战的人，总是战胜容易战胜的敌人。因此，善于打仗的人打了胜仗，既没有卓越过人的智慧，也没有勇武显赫的名声。他们进行战争的胜利不会有差错，之所以不会出现差错，是因为他们作战的措施建立在必胜的基础上，是战胜了在气势上已失败的敌人。善于作战的人，总是使自己立于不败之地，而不放过进攻敌人的机会。因此，胜利之师是先具备必胜的条件然后再交战，失败之军总是先同敌人交战，然后期求从苦战中侥幸取胜。善于用兵的人，必须修明政治，确保法制，就能够主宰战争胜负的命运。 兵法上有五项原则：一是度，二是量，三是数，四是称，五是胜。度产生于土地的广狭，土地幅员广阔与否决定物资的多少，军赋的多寡决定兵员的数量，兵员的数量决定部队的战斗力，部队的战斗力决定胜负的优劣。所以胜利之师如同以镒对铢，是以强大的军事实力攻击弱小的敌人；而败军之师如同以铢对镒，是以弱小的军事实力对抗强大的敌方。高明的指挥员领兵作战，就像决开千仞之高的山涧积水一样，势不可当，这就是军事实力中的“形”。

常见问题

What does 'tactical dispositions' mean in Sun Tzu Chapter 4?
Tactical dispositions refers to the positioning and arrangement of forces before battle. Sun Tzu teaches that victory comes from creating conditions where defeat is impossible — building an unassailable position before seeking engagement.
What does 'first secure against defeat, then wait for opportunity to defeat the enemy' mean?
Sun Tzu's principle: 'The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.' Security against defeat comes from within; the opportunity to defeat comes from the enemy's mistakes. In business: build a defensible position first, then seek competitive advantage.
How does Chapter 4 apply to risk management in finance and investment?
Chapter 4 is the foundation of modern risk management. 'Secure against defeat' = preserve capital, manage downside. 'Wait for opportunity' = be patient, invest when conditions favor you. Sun Tzu's distinction between defensive and offensive postures mirrors bear and bull market strategies.
What does Sun Tzu mean by 'a victorious army wins first and then seeks battle'?
This means the winning general creates conditions of victory before engaging — through superior positioning, intelligence, preparation, and morale. The battle itself is merely the execution of a foregone conclusion. In business: achieve product-market fit before launching, not after.
How is Chapter 4 different from Chapter 1 (Laying Plans)?
Chapter 1 covers strategic assessment before war; Chapter 4 covers tactical positioning after the decision to fight. Chapter 1 asks 'should we fight?'; Chapter 4 asks 'how do we position ourselves so we cannot lose?' Together they form a complete pre-action framework.