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孙子兵法
Sun Tzu's THE ART OF WAR

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第13篇：用间篇

孙子兵法

Sun Tzu’s

THE ART OF WAR

[

首页

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[

用间篇

](#yongjian)

目录 1 [

始计篇

](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)

2 [

作战篇

](/chapter-2-waging-war/)

3 [

谋攻篇

](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)

4 [

军形篇

](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)

5 [

兵势篇

](/chapter-5-energy/)

6 [

虚实篇

](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)

7 [

军争篇

](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)

8 [

九变篇

](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)

9 [

行军篇

](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)

10 [

地形篇

](/chapter-10-terrain/)

11 [

九地篇

](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)

12 [

火攻篇

](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)

13 [

用间篇

](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)

孙子兵法

Sun Tzu’s

THE ART OF WAR

[

首页

](/)

[

用间篇

](#yongjian)

目录 1 [

始计篇

](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)

2 [

作战篇

](/chapter-2-waging-war/)

3 [

谋攻篇

](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)

4 [

军形篇

](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)

5 [

兵势篇

](/chapter-5-energy/)

6 [

虚实篇

](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)

7 [

军争篇

](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)

8 [

九变篇

](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)

9 [

行军篇

](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)

10 [

地形篇

](/chapter-10-terrain/)

11 [

九地篇

](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)

12 [

火攻篇

](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)

13 [

用间篇

](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)

《孙子兵法·用间篇》 孙子曰：凡兴师十万，出征千里，百姓之费，公家之奉，日费千金；内外骚动，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十万家。相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，不知敌之情者，不仁之至也，非人之将也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。故明君贤将，所以动而胜人，成功出于众者，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可验于度，必取于人，知敌之情者也。

故用间有五：有因间，有内间，有反间，有死间，有生间。五间俱起，莫知其道，是谓神纪，人君之宝也。因间者，因其乡人而用之。内间者，因其官人而用之。反间者，因其敌间而用之。死间者，为诳事于外，令吾间知之，而传于敌间也。生间者，反报也。

故三军之事，莫亲于间，赏莫厚于间，事莫密于间。非圣智不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙不能得间之实。微哉！微哉！无所不用间也。间事未发，而先闻者，间与所告者皆死。（莫亲于间：指没有比间谍更应成为亲信了。赏莫厚于间：指没有比间谍更应该得到丰富的奖赏了。事莫密于间：没有经间谍的事更应该保守机密了。间事未发：用间之事还没有开始进行。间与所告者皆死：间谍和告知用间之事的人都要处死。）

凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，必先知其守将，左右，谒者，门者，舍人之姓名，令吾间必索知之。

必索敌人之间来间我者，因而利之，导而舍之，故反间可得而用也。因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也；因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌。因是而知之，故生间可使如期。五间之事，主必知之，知之必在于反间，故反间不可不厚也。

昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏；周之兴也，吕牙在殷。故惟明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大功。此兵之要，三军之所恃而动也。

白话译文： 孙子说：

如果出动十万大军，远征千里，百姓和国家的支出每天就要消耗上千金。内外都可能出现骚乱，道路上疲惫不堪，很多人无法处理事务，这样可能影响到七十万户人家。为了争取一日的胜利而驻守多年，却只想着爵位和百金的俸禄，却不了解敌情，这就是极不仁义的行为，这样的人不是合格的将军，也不能成为君主的良佐，更不是能够取得胜利的统帅。

所以，明智的君主和贤明的将领，之所以能在行动中战胜敌人，成功总是先于别人，是因为他们先知敌情。所谓先知，并不是通过神明占卜，也不是通过观察事物表象，也不是依靠测算数字，而是从人本身去了解敌人的情况。

因此，间谍的使用有五种方法：

  • 因间——利用敌方本国或乡里的人为我所用；

  • 内间——利用敌方官员为我所用；

  • 反间——利用敌方的间谍为我所用，使他们为我提供假情报反制敌人；

  • 死间——故意制造谎言让敌方的间谍得知，然后传回敌方，达到欺骗敌人的目的；

  • 生间——真正可靠的间谍，能够按约定完成任务。

这五种间谍手段同时运用，让敌人无法猜测，是最神秘、最重要的军事策略，也是君主最宝贵的助手。

使用间谍的原则：

  • 间谍是最亲近的人，应当最值得信任；

  • 奖赏间谍应当最丰厚；

  • 与间谍相关的机密必须最严密保守；

  • 间谍行动未开始时，发现泄密，间谍和告知者都必须处死。

军队想要攻击的城池、想要消灭的人，必须先了解敌方守将、左右护卫、侍从、门卫以及各类随从的姓名，让间谍尽力获取这些信息。

如果敌方派间谍来探我，可以先利用他们，让他们误以为有利可图，再引导和放走，从而反过来使用敌方间谍。这就可以顺利运用因间和内间。利用假信息，可以让死间向敌方传递虚假情报，而生间则按计划执行任务。所有间谍行动，主帅都必须掌握，其中以反间最为关键，因此反间一定要给予厚重奖赏。

历史上，殷商时期伊挚在夏朝辅佐，周朝时期吕牙在殷辅佐。可见，只有明君贤将，能够用高明的智慧去使用间谍，才能成就大功。这是兵法的关键，也是三军行动所依赖的重要手段。

英语译文： #### Chapter 13: The Use of Spies Sun Tzu said:

If an army of 100,000 is mobilized for a campaign a thousand miles away, the daily expenses for the people and the state will reach thousands of gold coins. Both internally and externally, unrest may occur, roads will be crowded and chaotic, and many people will be unable to handle affairs, potentially affecting as many as 700,000 households. To occupy a position for many years just to win a single day’s victory, while only caring about titles and salaries of a hundred gold coins, without understanding the enemy’s situation, is extremely unkind and unjust. Such a person is not a qualified general, cannot serve as a wise assistant to the ruler, and is not capable of achieving victory.

Therefore, wise rulers and capable generals are able to act and defeat the enemy because they understand the situation in advance. Knowing in advance does not come from consulting gods, observing external phenomena, or calculating numbers—it comes from understanding people and the enemy’s true condition.

There are five types of spies:

  • Local spies – using people from the enemy’s own country or hometown;

  • Internal spies – using enemy officials as informants;

  • Double agents – using enemy spies to feed false information back to the enemy;

  • Dead spies – sending false information outward so that the enemy’s spy reports it back to their own side, deceiving them;

  • Living spies – trustworthy agents who carry out tasks as planned.

When all five types of spies are employed simultaneously, the enemy cannot predict your actions. This is the most secret and critical military strategy, and it is the most valuable asset of the ruler.

Principles for using spies:

  • Spies are the closest and most trustworthy personnel;

  • They should receive the highest rewards;

  • Secrets related to spies must be kept strictly confidential;

  • If spy operations have not begun and information is leaked, both the spy and the informant must be executed.

Before attacking a city or eliminating an enemy, it is essential to first learn the names and positions of enemy generals, bodyguards, attendants, gatekeepers, and other personnel, ensuring that your spies gather all necessary intelligence.

If the enemy sends spies to infiltrate your side, you can use them temporarily, make them believe they benefit, then release and guide them, thereby turning enemy spies into your own tools. This makes local and internal spies usable. By spreading false information, dead spies can mislead the enemy, while living spies execute tasks as scheduled. The commander must oversee all spy activities, with double agents being the most crucial and therefore deserving of the greatest rewards.

Historically, during the rise of the Yin (Shang) dynasty, Yi Zhi served in the Xia dynasty; during the rise of the Zhou dynasty, Lü Ya served in Yin (Shang). Only wise rulers and capable generals who can apply intelligence with strategic skill can achieve great success. This is the essence of military strategy and the foundation upon which an army relies.

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