第9篇：行军篇
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
行军篇
](#xingjun)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
行军篇
](#xingjun)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·行军篇》 孙子曰：凡处军相敌：绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附于水而迎客；视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，惟亟去无留；若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，而右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。
凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳，而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。
上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。
凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。
军行有险阻、潢井、葭苇、山林、蘙荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。
敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也。
众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也；鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也；尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也。
辞卑而益备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；无约而请和者，谋也；奔走而陈兵车者，期也；半进半退者，诱也。
杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也；见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；粟马肉食，军无悬缻，不返其舍者，穷寇也；谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
兵非益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。
卒未亲附而罚之，则不服，不服则难用也。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令不素行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。
白话译文： 孙子说：凡军队行军作战和观察判断敌情，应该注意：在通过山地时要靠近有水草的谷地；驻止时，要选择“生地”，居高向阳；如果敌人占据高地，不要仰攻。这些是在山地行军作战的处置原则。横渡江河，要在离江河稍远的地方驻扎；如果敌军渡河前来进攻，不要在江河中迎击，而要乘它部分已渡、部分未渡半渡时予以攻击，这样比较有利；如果要与敌军交战，那就不要靠近江河迎击它；在江河地带驻扎，也要居高向阳，切勿在敌军下游低凹地驻扎或布阵。这些是在江河地带行军作战的处置原则。通过盐碱沼泽地带，要迅速离开，不宜停留；如在盐碱沼泽地带与敌军遭遇，那就要占领有水草而靠树林的地方。这些是在盐碱沼泽地带行军作战的处置原则。在平原地带驻军，要选择地势平坦的地方，最好背靠高处，前低后高。这些是平原地带行军作战的处置原则。以上四种“处军”原则的好处，是黄帝所以能够战胜“四帝”的重要原因。
大凡驻军，总是喜好干燥的高地而厌恶潮湿低洼的地方，要求向阳，回避阴湿，驻扎在便于生活和地势高的地方，将士就不至于发生各种疾病，这是军队致胜的一个重要条件。丘陵、堤防驻军，必须驻扎在向阳的一面，并且要背靠着它。这些对于用兵有利的措置是得自地形的辅助的。
河流上游下暴雨，看到水沫漂来，要等水势平稳以后再渡，以防山洪暴至。
凡是遇到“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”等地形，必须迅速避开而不要靠近。我远离它，让敌军去接近它；我面向它，让敌军去背靠它。
军队在山川险阻、芦苇丛生的低洼地，草木繁茂的山林地区行动，必须仔细反复地搜索，因为这些都是容易隐藏伏兵和奸细的地方。
敌军离我很近而仍保持镇静的，是倚仗它据有险要的地形；敌军离我很远而又来挑战的，是企图诱我前进；敌军之所以不居险要而居平地，定有它的好处和用意。
树林里很多树木摇动的，是敌军向我袭来；在草丛中设有许多遮蔽物的，是敌人企图迷惑我；鸟儿突然飞起，是下面有伏兵；走兽受惊猛跑，是敌人大举来袭。飞尘高而尖的，是敌人战车向我开来；飞尘低而广的，是敌人步卒向我开来；飞尘分散而细长的，是敌人在打柴；飞尘少而时起时落的，是敌军察看地形，准备设营。
敌方使者言辞谦卑而实际上又在加紧战备的，是要向我进攻；敌方使者措辞强硬而军队又向我进逼的，是准备撤退；敌战车先出并占据侧翼的，是布列阵势，准备作战；敌方没有预先约定而突然来请求议和的，其中必有阴谋；敌方急速奔走并展开兵车的，是期求与我交战；敌军半进半退的，可能是伪装混乱来引诱我。
敌兵倚仗手中的兵器站立的，是饥饿缺粮；敌兵从井里打水而急于先饮的，是干渴缺水；敌人见利而不前进的，是由于疲劳过度。敌方营寨上有飞鸟停集的，说明营寨已空虚无人；敌营夜间有人惊呼的，说明敌军心里恐惧；敌营纷扰无秩序的，是其将帅没有威严；敌营旌旗乱动的，是其阵形混乱；敌官吏急躁易怒，是敌军过度困倦。敌人用粮食喂马，杀牲口吃，收起炊具，不返回营寨的，是“穷寇”；恳切和顺，低声下气地与士卒讲话的，是其将领不得众心；再三犒赏士卒的。说明敌军已没有别的办法；一再重罚部属的，说明敌军陷于困境；将帅先对士卒凶暴后又畏惧士卒的，说明其太不精明了；敌人借故派使者来谈判的，是想休兵息战。敌军盛怒前来，但久不接战，又不离去，必须谨慎观察其企图。
打仗不在于兵力愈多愈好，只要不轻敌冒进，并能集中兵力，判明敌情，也就足以战胜敌人了。那种无深谋远虑而又轻敌妄动的人，势必成为敌人的俘虏。
将帅在士卒尚未亲近依附时，就贸然处罚士卒，那士卒一定不服，这样就难以使用他们去打仗了；如果士卒对将帅已经亲近依附，仍不执行军纪军法，这样的军队也是不能打仗的。所以，要用“文”的手段即用政治道义教育士卒，用“武”的方法即用军纪军法来统一步调，这样的军队打起仗来就必定胜利。平素能认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就能养成服从的习惯；平素不认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平素所以能认真执行命令，是由于将帅与士卒相互取得信任的缘故。
英语译文： #### Chapter 9: The Army On The March Sun Tzu said:
In marching and warfare, as well as in observing and assessing the enemy, the following principles should be noted:
When passing through mountainous terrain, stay close to valleys with water and grass; when encamping, choose “living ground,” occupy high and sunny positions. If the enemy holds the high ground, do not attack uphill. These are the principles for operating in mountains.
When crossing rivers, move away from them once you have crossed. If the enemy is crossing a river to attack, do not engage them in midstream; instead, strike when half their forces have crossed and half remain—this is advantageous. If you intend to fight, do not meet the enemy near the river. When encamped near rivers, occupy high and sunny ground, and never position yourself downstream in low areas. These are the principles for operating near rivers.
When passing through marshes or salt flats, leave them quickly and do not linger. If forced to engage the enemy there, occupy positions with water, grass, and nearby woods. These are the principles for operating in marshlands.
On open plains, camp on level ground, preferably with high ground at your rear and lower ground in front. These are the principles for operating on plains.
The benefits of these four methods of encampment were key reasons why the Yellow Emperor was able to defeat his rivals.
In general, armies prefer dry, high ground and avoid damp, low areas. They favor sunny locations and avoid shaded, damp places. Encamping in healthy, elevated terrain prevents disease among the troops—this is an important condition for victory. When stationed near hills or embankments, one should occupy the sunny side and keep them at one’s back. These are advantageous measures derived from terrain.
When heavy rains fall upstream and foaming water flows down, wait until the current stabilizes before crossing, to avoid sudden floods.
Whenever encountering dangerous terrain such as precipitous ravines, enclosed basins, narrow traps, tangled ground, pitfalls, or crevices, avoid them quickly and do not approach. Keep away from such places while forcing the enemy toward them; face them yourself while making the enemy turn its back to them.
When moving through mountainous or difficult terrain, marshy lowlands with reeds, or dense forests, one must carefully and repeatedly search the area, as these are places where ambushes and spies are likely to be concealed.
If the enemy is close yet remains calm, it relies on strong terrain; if it is far yet challenges you, it seeks to lure you forward. If it abandons strong positions and camps on open ground, it must have some advantage or intention.
If many trees in a forest are shaking, the enemy is advancing; if there are many artificial coverings in the grass, the enemy is attempting deception. When birds suddenly take flight, there are troops hidden below; when animals are startled and run, a large force is approaching. Dust rising high and sharply indicates chariots advancing; dust low and widespread indicates infantry; dust scattered and thin suggests gathering firewood; little dust rising and falling intermittently suggests the army is scouting and preparing to camp.
If enemy envoys speak humbly while the enemy intensifies preparations, they intend to attack; if they speak harshly while advancing, they are preparing to retreat. If enemy chariots deploy first and take positions on the flanks, they are forming battle lines. If the enemy suddenly seeks negotiations without prior agreement, there must be a plot. If they rush about and deploy troops, they intend to engage. If they advance and retreat alternately, they may be feigning disorder to lure you.
If enemy soldiers lean on their weapons, they are hungry; if they draw water eagerly and drink first, they are thirsty. If they see advantage but do not advance, they are exhausted. If birds gather over their camp, it is empty; if there are sudden cries at night, they are fearful. If their camp is disordered, their commander lacks authority; if their banners are in confusion, their formations are in disorder; if their officers are irritable, the troops are fatigued. If they feed grain to horses and slaughter livestock without returning to camp, they are desperate. If their commander speaks softly and humbly to the troops, he has lost their support. Frequent rewards indicate desperation; frequent punishments indicate distress. If a commander is harsh at first and then fearful of his troops, he is incompetent. If the enemy sends envoys under pretense, they seek a truce. If the enemy approaches in anger but neither engages nor withdraws, their intentions must be carefully observed.
Victory in war does not depend on having more troops; it depends on not advancing rashly, on concentrating forces, and on correctly assessing the enemy. Those who lack foresight and underestimate the enemy will surely become captives.
If a commander punishes troops before they have grown attached and loyal, they will not submit, and it will be difficult to employ them effectively. If troops are attached but discipline is not enforced, they cannot be used in battle. Therefore, one must use both civil means—moral guidance and education—and military means—discipline and law—to unify the army. Such a force will surely win.
If orders are consistently enforced and troops are well trained, they will develop habits of obedience; if not, they will become disobedient. The ability to enforce orders consistently comes from mutual trust between commanders and soldiers.
[
上一篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
[
下一篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)